The NASA Decadal Survey Aerosol, Cloud, Ecosystems Mission

In 2007, the National Academy of Sciences delivered a Decadal Survey (Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond) for NASA, NOAA, and USGS, which is a prioritization of future satellite Earth observations. The recommendations included 15 missions (13 for NASA, two for NOAA), which were prioritized into three groups or tiers. One of the second tier missions is the Aerosol, Cloud, (ocean) Ecosystems (ACE) mission, which focuses on climate forcing, cloud and aerosol properties and interactions, and ocean ecology, carbon cycle science, and fluxes. The baseline instruments recommended for ACE are a cloud radar, an aerosol/cloud lidar, an aerosol/cloud polarimeter, and an ocean radiometer. The instrumental heritage for these measurements are derived from the Cloudsat, CALIPSO, Glory, SeaWiFS and Aqua (MODIS) missions. In 2008, NASA HQ, lead by Hal Maring and Paula Bontempi, organized an interdisciplinary science working group to help formulate the ACE mission by refining the science objectives and approaches, identifying measurement (satellite and field) and mission (e.g., orbit, data processing) requirements, technology requirements, and mission costs. Originally, the disciplines included the cloud, aerosol, and ocean biogeochemistry communities. Subsequently, an ocean-aerosol interaction science working group was formed to ensure the mission addresses the broadest range of science questions possible given the baseline measurements, The ACE mission is a unique opportunity for ocean scientists to work closely with the aerosol and cloud communities. The science working groups are collaborating on science objectives and are defining joint field studies and modeling activities. The presentation will outline the present status of the ACE mission, the science questions each discipline has defined, the measurement requirements identified to date, the current ACE schedule, and future opportunities for broader community participation

Especialización de GBA para seguridad en la web

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la técnica de GBA con el propósito de descubrir y proponer las modificaciones necesarias para aplicarla en la detección de vulnerabilidades de seguridad de tipo inyección. Para lograr el objetivo propuesto fue esencial estudiar y comprender adecuadamente tanto el problema en cuestión como la técnica utilizada. Respecto al estudio de la técnica, además de intentar comprender su funcionamiento de manera analítica, buscamos implementarlo para así integrar las ideas en un entorno operativo. Logramos la implementación del algoritmo GBA modificado con una eficiencia razonable que permite el tratamiento de programas que sean representativos del problema, utilizando un lenguaje simple pero expresivo (basado en el propuesto por Thiemman). El resultado consiste en la descripción de los conceptos aprendidos (tanto respecto del problema como de la técnica de solución) y en la descripción de los primeros pasos dados hacia la capacidad de utilizar la técnica en este problema.Facultad de Informátic

PACE Technical Report Series, Volume 5: Mission Formulation Studies

This chapter summarizes the mission architecture for the Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission, ranging from its scientific rationale to the history of its realized conception to itspresent-day organization and management. This volume in the PACE Technical Report series focuses ontrade studies that informed the formulation of the mission in its pre-Phase A (2014-2016; pre-formulation:define a viable and affordable concept) and Phase A (2016-2017; concept and technology development).With that in mind, this chapter serves to introduce the mission by providing: a brief summary of thescience drivers for the mission; a history of the direction of the mission to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC); a synopsis of the mission's and instruments' management and development structures; and a brief description of the primary components and elements that form the foundation ofthe mission, encompassing the major mission segments (space, ground, and science data processing) and their roles in integration, testing, and operations

The plankton, aerosol, cloud, ocean ecosystem mission status, science, advances

The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, Ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission represents the National Aeronautics and Space Administration\u27s (NASA) next investment in satellite ocean color and the study of Earth\u27s ocean-atmosphere system, enabling new insights into oceanographic and atmospheric responses to Earth\u27s changing climate. PACE objectives include extending systematic cloud, aerosol, and ocean biological and biogeochemical data records, making essential ocean color measurements to further understand marine carbon cycles, food-web processes, and ecosystem responses to a changing climate, and improving knowledge of how aerosols influence ocean ecosystems and, conversely, how ocean ecosystems and photochemical processes affect the atmosphere. PACE objectives also encompass management of fisheries, large freshwater bodies, and air and water quality and reducing uncertainties in climate and radiative forcing models of the Earth system. PACE observations will provide information on radiative properties of land surfaces and characterization of the vegetation and soils that dominate their reflectance. The primary PACE instrument is a spectrometer that spans the ultraviolet to shortwave-infrared wavelengths, with a ground sample distance of 1 km at nadir. This payload is complemented by two multiangle polarimeters with spectral ranges that span the visible to near-infrared region. Scheduled for launch in late 2022 to early 2023, the PACE observatory will enable significant advances in the study of Earth\u27s biogeochemistry, carbon cycle, clouds, hydrosols, and aerosols in the ocean-atmosphere-land system. Here, we present an overview of the PACE mission, including its developmental history, science objectives, instrument payload, observatory characteristics, and data products

Regional to Global Assessments of Phytoplankton Dynamics From The SeaWiFS Mission

Photosynthetic production of organic matter by microscopic oceanic phytoplankton fuels ocean ecosystems and contributes roughly half of the Earth's net primary production. For 13 years, the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) mission provided the first consistent, synoptic observations of global ocean ecosystems. Changes in the surface chlorophyll concentration, the primary biological property retrieved from SeaWiFS, have traditionally been used as a metric for phytoplankton abundance and its distribution largely reflects patterns in vertical nutrient transport. On regional to global scales, chlorophyll concentrations covary with sea surface temperature (SST) because SST changes reflect light and nutrient conditions. However, the oceanmay be too complex to be well characterized using a single index such as the chlorophyll concentration. A semi-analytical bio-optical algorithm is used to help interpret regional to global SeaWiFS chlorophyll observations from using three independent, well-validated ocean color data products; the chlorophyll a concentration, absorption by CDM and particulate backscattering. First, we show that observed long-term, global-scale trends in standard chlorophyll retrievals are likely compromised by coincident changes in CDM. Second, we partition the chlorophyll signal into a component due to phytoplankton biomass changes and a component caused by physiological adjustments in intracellular chlorophyll concentrations to changes in mixed layer light levels. We show that biomass changes dominate chlorophyll signals for the high latitude seas and where persistent vertical upwelling is known to occur, while physiological processes dominate chlorophyll variability over much of the tropical and subtropical oceans. The SeaWiFS data set demonstrates complexity in the interpretation of changes in regional to global phytoplankton distributions and illustrates limitations for the assessment of phytoplankton dynamics using chlorophyll retrievals alone

Phytoplankton distributions and species composition across the Texas-Louisiana continental shelf during two flow regimes of the Mississippi River

Due to the character of the original source materials and the nature of batch digitization, quality control issues may be present in this document. Please report any quality issues you encounter to [email protected], referencing the URI of the item.Includes bibliographical references.Issued also on microfiche from Lange Micrographics.Phytoplankton abundance and species composition were examined over the Texas-Louisiana continental shelf during May 1992 and May 1993, as part of a phytoplankton diversity study funded by the Office of Naval Research. Phytoplankton distribution data were assessed in relation to the hydrography and physical processes on the shelf, which were studied as part of the Texas-Louisiana Shelf Circulation and Transport Processes Study (LATEX A). Phytoplankton group distributions from 1992 , which was an average flow year for the Mississippi River, were compared with observations from 1993, which was a record flow year. Water samples for phytoplankton determinations were examined at 22 locations on cross-shelf transacts from 90.5' to 94.0'W longitude. Samples were collected at the surface and the chlorophyll maximum from Niskin bottles attached to a Sea-Bird SBE911plus CTD, preserved in 1% glutaraldehyde, and analyzed using the Uterm6hl method and the inverted-microscope technique. Unique phytoplankton distributions and regionspecific hydrography and physical processes were found on the inner, middle, and outer shelf during both flow regimes. Some differences were found in May 1993 due to the record river discharge. In 1992 and 1993, the inner shelf was diatom dominated, and was characterized by the highest nutrient and lowest safety values. River discharge and associated nutrients were focused by the localized downcoast flow predominant on the inner shelf area during the month of May. Water column stability decreased moving from the eastern part of the shelf to the western part in May 1992. The opposite regime was present in May 1993. Inner shelf nutrient concentrations in May 1993 were approximately double those in May 1992. The increased river discharge in 1993 caused a dramatic shift in dominant diatom species to Skeletonema costatum (Grevifle) Grunow, which is found in a range of salinities, temperatures, and depths. Chain-forming diatom and others were predominant in both years. On the middle shelf, the presence of tychopelagic diatoms reflected the possibility of benthic regeneration of nutrients and resuspension into the upper water column. This flux from the benthos supported the phytoplankton community on the middle shelf, where a near-bottom chlorophyll maximum was found. Lower concentrations of phytoplankton were present on the middle shelf than the inner shelf during both years. The upper 30-70 m of the water column on the middle shelf were found to be oligotrophic, so smaller or more motile cers such as dinoflagenates, microflagellates, and coccolithophorids became more dominant. The outer shelf upper water column was nutrient-poor as well during both years, and dinoflageuates, microflagellates, and coccolithophorids were even more dominant than on the middle shelf. The diatom population decreased more moving from the middle to the outer shelf. Effects of a warm core Loop Current eddy were evident on the outer shelf area. Upwelling processes shallower than 100 m may provide a means of supporting the phytoplankton population at the chlorophyll maximum on the outer shelf. The location of the increased volume of river water across the shelf in May 1993 was identified based on the increase in overall phytoplankton abundance in May 1993

A percepção da arquitetura e a dimensão humana : os sentidos e a escala

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Arquitectura, Universidade Lusíada de Lisboa, 2020Exame público realizado em 2 de Julho de 2020A presente dissertação pretende investigar um tema que é vividamente presente na vida de qualquer arquiteto, e subconscientemente constante no momento de elaboração de um projeto: a sensoralidade. É importante que se abram caminhos para discussões acerca do tema, tendo em vista que,a cada dia mais a arquitetura corre um risco de se tornar menos humana, onde os arquitetos acabam por se preocupar com questões mais práticas e estéticas e menos sensíveis. A maneira como a arquitetura psicologicamente nos é apresentada a partir da perspectiva física, aqui classificada como a dimensão humana, influência a nossa percepção de todo e qualquer espaço arquitetónico. Seguindo esse âmbito, procura-se um locus interdisciplinar entre arquitetura sensorial e a psicologia topológica, onde serão abordados casos de estudo em que se observa de que modo diferentes escalas em um projeto arquitetónico são pivots para influenciar como nos sentimos em respectivo lugar.The present work aims to investigate a subject that is vivdly present in the life of any architect and subconsciously constant while elaborating a project: the sensoryity. It is important that paths to discussion are open about this theme, because everyday architecture is becoming less humanized, where architects end up worrying more about the praticity and aesthetics of the project instead of sensible questions. The way architecture is psychologycally presented to us from a physical perspective, here classified as human dimension, influences our perception of any architectural space. In this matter. we try to find an interdisciplinarity locus between the sensoryity in architecture and the topologic psychology, where study cases are gonna be approached in the way scales in architecture can be pivots in influencing the way we feel in a determined place

Spatial variability in SeaWiFS imagery of the South Atlantic bight as evidenced by gradients (fronts) in chlorophyll a and water-leaving radiance

Ocean margin waters contain a host of dissolved and particulate materials of terrestrial and marine origin. The presence of these materials can confound the chlorophyll a (chl a) estimates retrieved by ocean-color satellites\u27 empirical algorithms. We apply edge detection software to chlorophyll a and water-leaving radiance (L wn) data from 1998 sea-viewing wide field-of-view sensor (SeaWiFS) imagery to examine this problem within ocean margin waters off the southeastern continental United States (SEC) and South Atlantic bight (SAB). We identify the location of boundaries differentiating waters containing different backscattering components. Identifying those areas where apparent chl a gradients may be caused by differential backscattering helps to determine the location of those gradients caused by real changes in chl a concentrations. An onshore/offshore phytoplankton gradient and seasonal signal not previously detected in SEC waters was revealed from examination of cross-shelf transect data for the months of the study. Phytoplankton concentrations and associated gradients or fronts were connected with the inner, middle or outer shelf based on the biological response to local physical and atmospheric forcings. River flow and wind stress affect inner shelf chl a distributions, while offshore chl a distributions are controlled by Gulf Stream meanders. Carolina Capes\u27 oceanography influenced chl a frontal variability in that local region. We also explore the possibility of utilizing the edge detection algorithm to delineate boundaries between waters dominated by different algal classes. © 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved